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  [Introduction to] Church, Book, and Bishop: Conflict and Authority in Early Latin Christianity

  Peter Iver Kaufman

  Beginning with the organizational difficulties that faced the post-resurrection communities of Jesus' followers and concluding nearly six centuries later as many regional representatives of the universal church came increasingly under the influence of Roman bishops, Church, Book, and Bishop is the story of leadership-- its successes and frustrations. It is a book about the managerial elites largely responsible for overcoming the theological, political, and social obstacles to organization.

  Through a series of scenes drawn from clerical life, Peter Iver Kaufman identifies and illustrates these executive strategies for conflict management and consensus-building. Whereas many accounts of this period emphasize nonconformity and conflict, Kaufman studies the distribution and exercise of authority that made if possible to articulate the conformists' positions effectively and to achieve an appreciable measure of institutional coherence.

  This story is told in a way that will appeal not only to scholars of the early church and their students but also to generalists interested in the development of Latin Christianity. It will be especially useful as a supplement to courses on the history of Western civilization and on the history of Christian traditions.

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  [Introduction to] Prayer, Despair, and Drama: Elizabethan Introspection

  Peter Iver Kaufman

  Prayer, Despair, and Drama explores the godly sorrow and pious disease, or lack of ease, of Elizabethan Calvinists and finds that what some have characterized as an evangelism of fear functioned more as a kind of religious therapy.

  In this major contribution to discussions of the relationship between religion and literature in Elizabethan England, Peter Iver Kaufman argues that the soul-searching and self-scourging typical of late Tudor Calvinism was reflected in the rhetoric of self-loathing then prevalent in sermons, sonnets, and soliloquys. Kaufman shows how this spiritual psychology informs major literary texts including Hamlet, The Fairie Queene, Donne's Holy Sonnets, and other works.

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  [Introduction to] Transnational Marriages in the Steel Industry: Experience and Lessons for Global Business

  Kim Sae-Young, Garth L. Mangum, and Stephen Tallman

  Drawing upon case studies of firms in the steel industry, the authors show that companies competing internationally can pool their strengths to offset their individual weaknesses, enabling them to build economically successful entities more easily than if each company tried to go it alone in competition with rivals. In doing so they show how the world steel industry emerged into a group of international joint ventures and how in each of these transnational marriages the whole became greater than the sum of its parts. Among the authors' main points are: cultural conflicts are minimized by economic success but magnified by failure; expertise and commitment can overcome national differences, and even failing international joint ventures can be rehabilitated. Important reading for professionals in all areas of international business and for their colleagues in the academic community.

  Included in each case study is a history of the firms and the emerging joint venture. Authors described the condition of facilities, the rehabilitation and construction of new facilities, the financial relationships between firms and the sources of funding, and their corporate structures. Cultural differences between firms and their impact on the success of the relationship are examined closely, with particular emphasis on personnel selection, training supervision, labor relations, retention and promotion policies and policies on tenure and layoff. Authors look at labor productivity and the use of participative management and other team approaches, relating them to such measurable variables as product quality, corporate profitability, and indeed the ultimate survival of each newly created firm. From there the authors show how the experiences of the steel industry and the lessons learned from its transnational alliances can be applied to other industries and to their own joint ventures.

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  [Introduction to] Our Social World

  Donelson R. Forsyth

  Noted by reviewers as being exceptionally well-written and engaging, this text is intended to help students understand how social psychologists view the world, to teach them to recognize the social determinants of human action, and to make use of social psychology in their daily lives. Without watering down the content, Forsyth writes in a style that is consistently clear and conversational, and effectively integrates social psychology with everyday life. Using research findings as demonstrations and evidence (rather than as an exhaustive review of the literature), Forsyth urges students to look at the world from a social psychologist's perspective. Rather than just presenting theories and findings, Forsyth illustrates the methods that social psychologists use to generate knowledge about social phenomena. In addition, he urges the reader to think critically about traditional explanations for social behavior as well as about the text's explanations.

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  [Introduction to] Cooperation under Fire: Anglo- German Restraint During World War II

  Jeffrey W. Legro

  Why do nations cooperate even as they try to destroy each other? Jeffrey Legro explores this question in the context of World War II, the "total" war that in fact wasn't. During the war, combatant states attempted to sustain agreements limiting the use of three forms of combat considered barbarous—submarine attacks against civilian ships, strategic bombing of civilian targets, and chemical warfare. Looking at how these restraints worked or failed to work between such fierce enemies as Hitler's Third Reich and Churchill's Britain, Legro offers a new understanding of the dynamics of World War II and the sources of international cooperation.

  While traditional explanations of cooperation focus on the relations between actors, Cooperation under Fire examines what warring nations seek and why they seek it—the "preference formation" that undergirds international interaction. Scholars and statesmen debate whether it is the balance of power or the influence of international norms that most directly shapes foreign policy goals. Critically assessing both explanations, Legro argues that it was, rather, the organizational cultures of military bureaucracies—their beliefs and customs in waging war—that decided national priorities for limiting the use of force in World War II.

  Drawing on documents from Germany, Britain, the United States, and the former Soviet Union, Legro provides a compelling account of how military cultures molded state preferences and affected the success of cooperation. In its clear and cogent analysis, this book has significant implications for the theory and practice of international relations.

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  [Introduction to] Earthwards: Robert Smithson and Art after Babel

  Gary Shapiro

  The death of Robert Smithson in 1973 robbed postwar American art of an unusually creative practitioner and thinker. Smithson's pioneering earthworks of the 1960s and 1970s anticipated contemporary concerns with environmentalism and the site-specific character of artistic production. His interrogation of authorship, the linear historiography of high modernism, and the limitations of the museum prefigures key themes in postmodern criticism while underscoring the uniqueness of Smithson's own work as an artist, filmmaker, and writer.
  
  Gary Shapiro's elegant and incisive study of Smithson's career is the first book to address the full range of the artist's dazzling virtuosity. Ranging from Smithson's best known works such as Spiral Jetty and Partially Buried Woodshed to his photographs, films, and theoretical readings and writings, Shapiro's masterful book analyzes Smithson's art in relation to the legacy of American art of the 1960s and central philosophical themes in its contemporary reception.

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  [Introduction to] The Leader's Companion: Insights on Leadership Through the Ages

  J. Thomas Wren

  This book serves as a guided introduction to the rich a diverse perspectives on leadership throughout the ages and throughout the world. Each of the selections, introduced by the editor, presents enlightening thoughts on a different aspect of leadership. Writings by Plato, Aristotle, Lao-tzu and others demonstrate that the challenges of leadership are as old as civilization. Machiavelli, Tolstoy, Ghandi, and W.E.B. Du Bois provide a wide range of insights into the eternal practice and problems of leadership. Modern masters of leadership such as James MacGregor Burns, John Kotter, and Warren Bennis join such leading practitioners as Max De Pree and Roger B. Smith in discussing contemporary issues in leadership theory and practice.

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  [Introduction to] Apocalyptic Realism: The Science Fiction of Arkady and Boris Strugatsky

  Yvonne Howell

  The brothers Arkady and Boris Strugatsky have been Russia's most popular science fiction writers since their first publication appeared in 1959. The enormous and consistent popularity of their works over three decades of fluctuating political and literary conditions is all the more interesting when one considers that their primary readership has been the Russian scientific-technical intelligentsia - a sector of society whose values and attitudes were instrumental in transforming the Soviet Union. This lively and original study of the Strugatskys' development as writers and as spokesmen for a generation of Russian scientists is as timely as it is unique. It is also the first English language study of the Strugatskys' previously unpublished novels.

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  [Introduction to] Metaphors in the History of Psychology

  David E. Leary

  Metaphors in the History of Psychology describes and analyzes the ways in which psychological accounts of brain functioning, consciousness, cognition, emotion, motivation, learning, and behavior have been shaped--and are still being shaped--by the central metaphors used by contemporary psychologists and their predecessors. The contributors to this volume argue that psychologists and their predecessors have invariably turned to metaphor in order to articulate their descriptions, theories, and practical interventions with regard to psychological functioning. By specifying the major metaphors in the history of psychology, these contributors have offered a new "key" to understanding this critically important area of human knowledge. This theme has become an issue of central concern in a variety of disciplines ranging from linguistics and literary studies to cognitive science, psychology, and philosophy. Through the identification of these metaphors, the contributors to this volume have provided a remarkably useful guide to the history, current orientations, and future prospects of modern psychology.

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  [Introduction to] Mental Health Among Elderly Native Americans

  James L. Narduzzi

  Providing mental health services to the elderly generally and particularly to elderly Native Americans has been an issue of some concern for the last several decades. Despite this rise in concern for the mental health of elderly Americans, however, the fact remains that public decisions are made based on inadequate data. As Birren and Renner state: "A major problem has been that our knowledge of the mental health problems and the frequency of psychiatric disturbances in the elderly has a weak information base." When on turns to minority elderly in general and elderly Native Americans in particular, the data base virtually disappears. In fact, the survey upon which much of this study rests represents "the first research effort ever undertaken to document the conditions of life of older Native American and Alaskan native people nationwide." Because of this lack of data, there has been little research devoted to determining the factors associated with mental health among elderly Native Americans. Instead, the growing body of mental health research "has been based on limited samples, primarily of middle-majority Anglos." Thus, the purpose of this research is to utilize existing data to close this gap in our understanding of mental health among elderly Native Americans. Specifically, multiple regression will be employed to describe the relationship between mental health and several theoretically-derived independent variables. Initially, this will involve a determination of whether the same relationships that hold for the dominant population are consistent with data drawn from elderly Native Americans and, if not, what alternative models should be examined. Secondly, the research will attempt to assess the relative importance of the various independent variables on mental health as well as analyze the interrelationships among these independent variables.

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  [Introduction to] From Civilization to Segregation: Social Ideals and Social Control in Southern Rhodesia, 1890-1934

  Carol Summers

  This study examines the social changes that took place in Southern Rhodesia after the arrival of the British South Africa Company in the 1890s. Summer’s work focuses on interactions among settlers, the officials of the British South America Company and the administration, missionaries, humanitarian groups in Britain, and the most vocal or noticeable groups of Africans. Through this period of military conquest and physical coercion, to the later attempts at segregationist social engineering, the ideals and justifications of Southern Rhodesians changed drastically. Native Policy, Native Education policies, and, eventually, segregationist Native Development policies changed and evolved as the white and black inhabitants of Southern Rhodesia (colonial Zimbabwe) struggled over the region’s social form and future.

  Summers’s work complements a handful of other recent works reexamining the social history of colonial Zimbabwe and demonstrating how knowledge, perception, and ideologies interacted with the economic and political dimensions of the region’s past.

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  [Introduction to] Politica y posmodernidad: Hacia una lectura de la anti-modernidad en Lationoamerica

  Claudia Ferman

  Me propongo aquí bosquejar brevemente el recorrido argumental que dio sustancia al presente trabajo. Me gustaría empezar citando a Cortázar. La obra de Cortázar encarna de alguna manera un conjunto de debates que se produjeron en las décadas del 60 y 70 en gran parte del mundo, y de los que nosotros hemos querido dar cuenta desde la nueva perspectiva que abrieron los 80. Más adelante nos ocuparemos de eso, ahora vayamos a dar Ia vuelta a los mundos del 60.

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  [Introduction to] Setting the Standard for the New Auditor's Report: An Analysis of Attempts to Influence the Auditing Standards Board

  Marshall A. Geiger

  This study addresses the lack of research on the process by which authoritative auditing standards are established by presenting a longitudinal study of the two-year development of SAS No 58, "Reports on Audited Financial Statements", by the Auditing Standards Board. The study catalogues and examines the perspectives and influences of virtually all parties involved in establishing the standard, including the comment letters, from the Financial Executives Institute, Treadway Commission, and the Securities and Exchange Commission. The result is an extensive identification and rigorous analysis of the issues surrounding audit reports, alternative solutions considered, and the rationale underlying the ultimate decisions. The study also provides an elaboration on the content analysis research methodology used to assess the comment letters and how this assessment was integrated into the overall study. Additionally, the study describes the history behind audit reporting in the United States, and includes an exhaustive summary of the research related to the auditor's report in a well-organized annotated bibliography.

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  [Introduction to] The Promise of the New South: Life after Reconstruction

  Edward L. Ayers

  At a public picnic in the South in the 1890s, a young man paid five cents for his first chance to hear the revolutionary Edison talking machine. He eagerly listened as the soundman placed the needle down, only to find that through the tubes he held to his ears came the chilling sounds of a lynching. In this story, with its blend of new technology and old hatreds, genteel picnics and mob violence, Edward Ayers captures the history of the South in the years between Reconstruction and the turn of the century.
  
  Ranging from the Georgia coast to the Tennessee mountains, from the power brokers to tenant farmers, Ayers depicts a land of startling contrasts. Ayers takes us from remote Southern towns, revolutionized by the spread of the railroads, to the statehouses where Democratic Redeemers swept away the legacy of Reconstruction; from the small farmers, trapped into growing nothing but cotton, to the new industries of Birmingham; from abuse and intimacy in the family to tumultuous public meetings of the prohibitionists. He explores every aspect of society, politics, and the economy, detailing the importance of each in the emerging New South. Central to the entire story is the role of race relations, from alliances and friendships between blacks and whites to the spread of Jim Crows laws and disfranchisement. The teeming nineteenth-century South comes to life in these pages.
  
  When this book first appeared in 1992, it won a broad array of prizes and was a finalist for both the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize. The citation for the National Book Award declared Promise of the New South a vivid and masterfully detailed picture of the evolution of a new society. The Atlantic called it "one of the broadest and most original interpretations of southern history of the past twenty years.

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  Celebrating Garden Genius : A Handbook to Selected Gardens by Charles F. Gillette

  Charles F. Gillette Forum, W. John Hayden, and Sheila M. Hayden

  Celebrating Garden Genius : A Handbook to Selected Gardens by Charles F. Gillette was created as part of the 1992 Charles F. Gillette Forum at The Lewis Ginter Botanical Garden in Richmond, Virginia. W. John Hayden, Professor of Biology at the University of Richmond, and Sheila Hayden, Biology Research Associate at the University of Richmond, served as editors of the handbook.

  _________________________________________
  
  Charles F. Gillette
  (1886-1969)

  Arriving in Richmond on November 9, 1911 —a dull, damp, dreary day—Charles F. Gillette began his career in the Southeast as "clerk of the record" for landscape architect Warren Manning, who, working with architects Cram, Goodhue and Ferguson, was responsible for building the new campus of the University of Richmond in Westhampton. As one of Warren Manning's apprentices at the Tremont Street studio in Boston, Gillette had received invaluable training in landscape art. Manning, moreover, had served his apprenticeship under Frederick Law Olmsted and had shared in the work at Biltmore in Asheville, North Carolina. A tradition from Olmsted to Manning to Gillette had thus been born. By 1914, Gillette, recently wed, made a momentous decision. He would practice landscape architecture in Richmond, Virginia.

  Since that rainy day in 1911 Gillette did nothing less than create the image of Virginia gardens as they are known and loved today. Developing a distinctly regional landscape architecture, one geared, as Professor Reuben Rainey has observed, to the Piedmont and the Tidewater, he won the admiration of men and women as remote in time and place as Douglas South all Freeman, Paul Green, Ellen Glasgow, and Francis Pendleton Gaines. His designs remain today the paradigm of the Virginia garden.

  The genius loci of the middle Atlantic, Gillette was drawn to the spiritual in nature. The garden, etymologically an "enclosing," was instinctually real to him as the paradisus was to the medieval basilica. Like Emerson, he knew, after all, that nature was "language whereby God speaks to man." One senses that today in the magic of a Gillette garden.

  Gillette's eclecticism is rich in the traditions of landscape art. The Georgian Revival, the Country Place Movement, the English cottage garden, the designs and motifs of Capability Brown, Inigo Jones, or Gertrude Jekyll form organically, in the vernacular, the "Gillette look" or the "Southern garden." English boxwood, Virginia cedar, azalea, camellia, crepe myrtle, Cunninghamia, daffodil and yew, brick, stone, water, and bronze form the palette of his art. The native and the imported thrive side by side. One leaves the Gillette garden with the echo of a John Hersey line, "True genius rearranges old material in a way never seen . . . before."

  --George C. Longest

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  [Introduction to] New World Adams: Conversations with Contemporary West Indian Writers

  Daryl Cumber Dance

  In these interviews, held in the early 1980s, with twenty-two of the major writers of the English-speaking Caribbean, Daryl Dance brings together what is much more than just a valuable source book for readers of West Indian writing. The interviews are highly readable - by turns probing, combative and reflective and always absorbing. Daryl Dance brings to the interviews a rare breadth of knowledge and empathy with the work of the writers interviewed and the openly avowed insights of an African-American woman.
  
  The writers interviewed include Michael Anthony, Louise Bennett, Jan Carew, Martin Carter and Denis Williams, Austin Clarke, Wilson Harris, John Hearne, C.L.R. James, Ismith Khan,George Lamming, Earl Lovelace, Tony McNeill, Pam Mordecai and Velma Pollard, Mervyn Morris, Orlando Patterson, Vic Reid, Dennis Scott, Sam Selvon, Michael Thelwell, Derek Walcott and Sylvia Wynter.

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  [Introduction to] The Vax Book: An Introduction

  John R. Hubbard

  This book is an expansion of the book, A Gentle Introduction to the Vax System. The purpose of the book is to guide the novice, step-by-step, through the initial stages of learning to use the Digital Equipment Corporation's Vax computers, running under the VMS operating system (Version 5.0 or later). As a tutorial for beginners, this book assumes no previous experience with computers.

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  [Introduction to] A Century of Psychology as Science

  Sigmund Koch and David E. Leary

  This reissued edition (originally published by McGraw-Hill in 1985) of A Century of Psychology as Science comprehensively assesses the accomplishments, status, and prospects of psychology at the end of its first century as a science, while offering a new postscript. The forty-three contributors are among psychology's foremost authorities. Among the fields addressed are sensory processes and perception, learning, motivation, emotion, cognition, development, personality, and social psychology.

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  [Introduction to] Heidegger and the Earth: Essays in Environmental Philosophy

  Ladelle McWhorter

  Though each essayist presents his or her thinking as it has arisen out of the texts of Martin Heidegger, as this brief overview surely makes clear, the thoughts a reader will encounter here are diverse and perhaps at points conflicting. However, the essayists' differences in many cases actually grow out of a common sense, namely, a sense of urgency born of the knowledge that for many regions of the earth and for many of the beings within them time is running out. The book itself, including its conflicting assertions, is the embodiment of a kind of anxiety and a kind of care. This book is a beginning, an opening, an attempt, and we hope, in the best Nietzschean sense of the word, a temptation for further thought.

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  [Introduction to] The Speaker and the Budget: Leadership in the Post-Reform House of Representatives

  Daniel Palazzolo

  One of the most important changes in Congress in decades was the extensive congressional reforms of the 1970s, which moved the congressional budget process into the focus of congressional policy-making and shifted decision-making away from committees. This overwhelming attention to the federal budget allowed party leaders to emerge as central decision makers. Palazzolo traces the changing nature of the Speaker of the House's role in the congressional budget process from the passage of the Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 to the 100th Congress in 1988. In the early 1970s, the Speaker attended to primarily supportive and managerial tasks that helped establish and maintain the budget process. Yet, as the deficit grew and budget politics became more partisan in the 1980s, the Speaker became more involved in policy-related functions, such as setting budget priorities and negotiating budget agreements with Senate leaders and the president. Consequently, the Speaker's role as leader of the institution was subordinate to the role as party leader. Palazzolo develops broader theoretical insights about congressional leadership by explaining how the Speaker's roles evolved and how different Speakers - Carl Albert, Tip O'Neill, and Jim Wright - performed their roles. He asserts that leadership is produced by both the qualities of individual leaders and the institutional, political and policy-related circumstances that shape congressional politics. Leadership roles develop in response to problems and opportunities in the budget process that stem from changing conditions, but individuals partly determine how these roles are performed. "The Speaker and the Budget" incorporates an eclectic range of research findings, including personal interviews with current and former members of Congress and key staff personnel. Its descriptions of budget politics and the perspective it gives to congressional leadership should be of interest to students of Congress, budgeting, and political leadership, as well as practitioners involved in making budget policy.

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  [Introduction to] The Edge of the South: Life in Nineteenth-Century Virginia

  Edward L. Ayers and John C. Willis

  The chapters in this volume explore diverse scenes of nineteenth-century Virginia: the big house and the slave quarters, small farms and battlefields, freed slaves in the country and freed slaves in the city, dark coal mines and brightly illuminated caverns, raucous political rallies and genteel meetings of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. Each essay offers a new perspective on a past which refuses to fit familiar ways of thinking about the nation and the South.

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  [Introduction to] Writing the Woman Artist: Essays on Poetics, Politics, and Portraiture

  Suzanne W. Jones

  The essays in this collection explore the many ways in which women writers have seen and dreamed the woman artist as a character in their works. In describing this character, her struggles and her visions, we as feminist critics run the risk of prescribing her, and yet failing to name her means failing to know her. We confront this difficulty not by defining the woman artist figure but by identifying many. Recognizing as Teresa De Lauretis has suggested that the social construction of gender is "a common denominator" among women, we examine the different representations of the woman artist figure as gender is mediated by race, class, nationality, ethnicity, motherhood, sexual orientation, and historical era as well as literary movements and theories of language. Although a concern with so many positions may seem to suggest a paradoxical passive creator determined by external elements along, Linda Alcoff argues that "the concept of positionality includes two points: first...that the concept of woman is a relational term identifiable only within a (constantly moving context; but, second, that the position that women find themselves in can be actively utilized (rather than transcended) as a location for the constructions of meaning." The title of the collection, Writing the Woman Artist, suggests both the social construction of women artists an their own imaginative construction of the artist figure; it registers the tension between the fictional and the empirical figure, the problematic relationship between language and reality.

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  [Introduction to] Alcyone: Nietzsche on Gifts, Noise, and Women

  Gary Shapiro

  Shapiro explores an interrelated series of themes that contest and offer alternatives to some of the traditional concepts of metaphysics. The notion of gift giving and related ideas are seen to play fundamental roles in the economy of Thus Spoke Zarathustra. Shapiro articulates the relevance of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Marcel Mauss, and Georges Bataille for the thought of the gift and shows that Nietzsche's writing contains a conception of an archaic economy that is radically different from the order of property and exchange usually associated with Western metaphysics. This leads to a critique of Martin Heidegger's interpretation of Nietzsche as a philosopher of value.
  
  Shapiro reads the fourth part of Zarathustra as the libretto for an anti-Wagnerian, postmodern opera in which food, noise, feasting, and parasitism are the major themes, and in which the thought of eternal recurrence is sung and orchestrated in ways that usually go unnoticed. He demonstrates that the fourth part constitutes a rigorous analysis of the logic of the supplementary and the parasitic.
  
  In the final chapter, Shapiro undertakes a reading of the classical texts presupposed by Nietzsche's claim that Zarathustra will not be understood unless one hears its "halcyon tone." By juxtaposing Nietzsche's halcyon with the Homeric version of the myth, Shapiro shows how Nietzsche's appeal to the halcyon evokes a premetaphysical economy and a voice suppressed by ontotheology.

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  [Introduction to] Handbook of Social and Clinical Psychology: The Health Perspective

  C. R. Snyder and Donelson R. Forsyth

  From 1988 to 1991 Donelson R. Forsyth worked with C.R. Snyder and many other experts in the field of social and clinical psychology, editing a handbook that--at that time--summarized ongoing efforts in what was known as the social-clinical interface. This interface recognized the growing interdependency of these two fields. Up to that time social psychologists were mostly preoccupied with the study of the interpersonal determinants of thought, feeling, and action. Their work was primarily theoretically driven, the behaviors they sought to explain were the sort that occurred in everyday settings, and they preferred to test their hypotheses through laboratory experimentation. Clinical psychologists, in contrast, sought to understand the causes of and cures for dysfunctional behavior. They were concerned with developing effective treatments and diagnostic techniques, the behaviors they puzzled over were abnormal ones, and they preferred to test their hypotheses in field settings.

  The Handbook that C.R. Snyder and Donelson R. Forsyth developed, however, explored the boundary line separating social and clinical psychology. It included chapters by social psychologists who, recognizing the potential applicability of their theories to clinical practice, had began exploring sources of dysfunction and suggesting socially based treatment strategies. It also included chapters by clinical psychologists not only recognized the role of interpersonal dynamics in adjustment and therapy, but who had begun to integrate social psychological principles and clinical practice.

  The Handbook of Social and Clinical Psychology (HSCP) served as a comprehensive resource book for theorists, researchers, and scholars working at the interface of social and clinical psychology.

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  [Introduction to] Redeeming Politics

  Peter Iver Kaufman

  Peter Iver Kaufman explores how various Christian leaders throughout history have used forms of "political theology" to merge the romance of conquest and empire with hopes for political and religious redemption. His discussion covers such figures as Constantine, Augustine, Charlemagne, Pope Gregory VII, Dante, Zwingli, Calvin, and Cromwell.