Abstract
The United States has increasingly recognized its reputation as a prison state, with widespread acknowledgment of its high incarceration rates. As of 2021, the United States imprisoned one out of every five prisoners in the world. Additionally, of its own population, the United States imprisoned one out of every one hundred people.
In response to this notoriety, worsening prison overcrowding, and the heightened risks posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, all fifty states, the District of Columbia, and the federal government increased their utilization of alternative measures to traditional incarceration. As both an addition and an alternative to traditional incarceration, criminal justice systems throughout the United States have expanded their use of electronic monitoring, which legal scholars have termed e-carceration, punitive surveillance, and digital prisons. ...
Document Type
Article
Publication Date
2026
Recommended Citation
Fakira D. Johnson, Richmond Electronic Monitoring: The City Sees You While You’re Sleeping, 32 Rich. J.L. & Tech. 203 (2026).
